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An avalanche diode is a special type of diode that operates in the reverse breakdown region. When a high voltage is applied in reverse, it causes the diode to avalanche and conduct a large current. They are constructed with a heavily doped p-n junction, which creates a region with a high electric field. Avalanche diodes are used in applications where transient voltage spikes need to be suppressed, such as in surge protectors or in high voltage power supplies.